The mere exposure effect and classical conditioning 3 introduction the mere exposure effect in 1968, robert zajonc conducted a study which found that repeated exposures to neutral stimuli, such as nonsense words and chinese characters, led to those stimuli being rated more highly on likert scales than stimuli that had never been presented. The studies examined the role of the mere exposure effect on ethical tolerance or acceptability of particular business decisions. Newell school of psychology, university of new south wales, sydney, australia david r. There is a widely accepted view that recognition inhibits the mee. Research on the mere exposure phenomenon has focused most often on the attitudinal effects of repeated exposure to nonsocial stimuli cf. Just to be clear, this doesnt just apply to people. One of the ways persuasive messages can be processed. This type of thinking is biased, as it is both irrational and contradicts the classical theory of finance. Journal of experimental social psychology 28, 255276 1992 exposure effects in the classroom. The questions arise, in part, as a result of repeated.
Document resume title the effects of picture content. The mereexposure effect is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them. Y 7, 461472 1971 attitudinal effects of mere exposure. When choosing a particular alternative from a number of financial assets, risk is an important feature. One explanation for this bias is the affect heuristic. Mere exposure effect additional experiments showed that. Stang queens college of the city university of new york the mediating role of learning in the relationship between repeated exposure and affect was explored and supported in three experiments involving a total of 229 undergraduate participants. Mere exposure effect additional experiments showed that the effect is very robust and r the mere exposure effect is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things or people that are more familiar to them than others. The mere exposure effect and classical conditioning. That reaction is a great example of the mere exposure effect. The mereexposure effect implies that participants will show a preference for a specific stimulus in their reaction to that stimulus if they are repeatedly exposed to that one stimulus over a short period of time.
Users on social network sitesflight from reality and its. The results of three experiments suggest that subtle auditory, olfactory and tactile stimuli in a built environment affect the decisionmaking process by means of the mere exposure effect. Mere exposure and the cognitiveaffective debate revisited. Examining the relation between the mereexposure effect and recognition ben r. Through mere exposure designers can create new connections between members of society by rethinking circulation paths, care. Advances in consumer research volume 21, 1994 pages 264269. The opposite route is the peripheral route to persuasion, which focuses on other aspects of the message including the characteristics of the person imparting the message the communicator. Zajonc, attitudinal effects of mere exposure, r journal of personality and social psychology monograph supplement 9 1968, 1 27.
Beach university of pittsburgh received august 17, 1990 affinity is a complex blend of familiarity, attraction, and similarity that strengthens social relations by fostering a sense of. The development of affinity among students richard l. The mereexposure effect, also known as the familiarity principle, states that people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar. To define mere exposure effect, one must analyze the impact it has. This article on mere exposure is adapted from an online course that i just launched, the science of subliminal influence, available exclusively on. Zajonc authored prominent works that relied on or led to.
The subconscious effects of architectural factors on human behavior have rarely been examined. Shifting liberal and conservative attitudes using moral. Due to the mereexposure effect, it is thought that what people are more familiar with or see more often is favored. Also called the familiarity principle, this psychological tendency causes individuals to prefer an option that they have been exposed to before to an option they have never encountered, even if the exposure to the first option was brief. Sales department of psychology, carnegiemellon university zajonc has proposed that repeated mere exposure of a stimulus is a sufficient condition for enhancing the attractiveness of this stimulus. Examining the mere exposure effect in a marketing context. Grossman the present study examined the effects of repeated exposure to the accent standard american english vs.
Asian indian of a prospective college professor on participants cognitive reactions, affective reactions, and passage comprehension. Involves deeply processing the content of the message. The main empirical support for the exposure hypothesis comes, therefore, not from work on interaction, interracial attitudes, or atti. Evidence from psychophysiological and individual differences approaches eddie harmonjones university of wisconsinmadison john j. Journal of personality and social psychology9 2, attutudinal. The second assumption, that favorable exposure will lead to favorable attitude. That is, in a context of greater polarization and fragmentation, crosscutting political exposure can make people more uncertain of their own positions and produce some demobilization mutz 2002a, 840. Note that our studies tested whether participants would show a preference for the instructed. Curious is a neat website where you pay a low monthly subscription to learn about all sort of neat things, ranging from academic topics like psychology to more skilldevelopment topics like art, design. Zajonc conducted four experiments, each of which provided overwhelming to strong support for the hypothesis that mere repeated exposure of an individual to a stimulus object enhances his or her attitude toward it.
The effects of similarity on perceived familiarity were almost entirely mediated by changes in attraction. Citeseerx scientific documents that cite the following paper. Abstractthe mere exposure effect mee was first identified by zajonc 1968. Attitudinal effects of mere exposure, was published in the journal of personality and social psychology in 1968. The mere exposure instruction effect 6 important to establish new effects independently in both labbased and internetbased studies. The effects of mere exposure on responses to foreignaccented speech by lea a. It was concluded that mere exposure effects are not necessarily artifacts and that. Zajonc has proposed that repeated mere exposure of a stimulus is a sufficient condition for enhancing the attractiveness of this stimulus. The role of mere exposure effect on ethical tolerance.
Shanks department of psychology, university college london, uk the perceptual fluencyattributional model of the mereexposure effect proposed by. Zajonc 1968 studied mereexposure and concluded that repeated exposure of a stimulus enhances the attitude toward it. Abstract there currently are two interpretations of how affect is generated in the mere exposure effect. Memory enhances the mere exposure effect tom stafford university of shef. After all, if recognition is necessary for the mere exposure effect, cognitive processes are, in that context, the basis for affective. This paper reports on the results from two studies that were conducted eight years apart with different respondents. Journal of personality and social psychology monograph. Article shifting liberal and conservative attitudes using moral foundations theory martin v. So the more often we see something, the more often we like it.
A mere exposure effect example is when you hear a song on the radio for the first time, and you hate it. The second thing that might drive this proximity effect is the mere exposure effect, which states that repeated exposure to novel people or objects or stimuli increases our liking for them. The mere exposure effect can be useful in marketing, as many forms of advertising can. Zajoncs paper describes a series of experiments in which he showed participants a sequence of random imagesgeometric shapes, chinese symbols, paintings, and.
Zajonc 1968 reports a series of studies which he and his students conducted to determine the attitudinal effects of mere exposure. None of these explanations could account for the exposure effects. Some of the theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. Grounded on the uses and gratifications theory, the present study proposes and tests a model which shows the effects of social escapism motivation on user attitudes toward sna as well as on their sns banner adclicking behaviour.
A case study a dissertation presented to the faculty of the education department carsonnewman university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree doctor of education mary p. Document resume cs 200 704 becker, lee b doolittle. Zajonc university of michigan the hypothesis is offered that mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus object enhances his attitude toward it. According to the propinquity effect, which expands on the mere exposure effect, proximity is the most powerful predictor of. The effects of mere exposure on responses to foreign. And harrison has suggested a theory to explain the relationship between repeated mere exposure and attractiveness. This mererepeatedexposure effect is found in a variety of contexts, for a wide assortment of stimuli, using diverse procedures, and among both humans and nonhuman animals. The effect has been demonstrated with many kinds of things, including words, chinese characters, paintings, pictures of faces, geometric figures, and. Allen university of arizona affective models of the mere exposure effect propose that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases the positive affect or reduces the. Effects of mere exposure on learning and affect david j. The fact of having already encountered something encourages future preference, a phenomenon known as the mere exposure effect mee. In the present study, both a replication condition and an experimental condition that deleted one of the aural sources of input yielded the same function. Using the mereexposure effect in influence marketing.
Proximity and the mere exposure effect video khan academy. Website software copyright 2019, archieboy holdings, llc. The mere exposure effect is well established at this point. The results from study 1 show there is a significant difference in ethical judgment for 12 out of 16 vignettes between those. Three sources of stimulus in put, one visual and two aural, were distinguished in zajoncs 1968 study that demonstrated that rated goodnessofmeaning of nonsense words is a positive function of exposure frequency. As a social psychologist addressing mainly the topics of social facilitation motivation and attitudinal effects of mere exposure affect, between 1965 and 1975 robert b. The effects of sexually objectifying music videos on college mens sexual beliefs jennifer stevens aubrey, k. Attitudinal consequences of media and interpersonal. Yet, empirical evidence is lacking which shows the effects of social escapism motivation on user acceptance of sna.
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